HEALTH PROMOTION AND WELLNESS

Health promotion

Health promotion is any activity undertaken for achieving a higher level of health and well-being.
Healthy People 2010
The vision of health promotion was expressed in 1979 with the surgeon general's report healthy people, which emphasized health promotion and disease prevention.

• Two goals

1. help individuals of all ages increase life expectancy and improve the quality of life
2. eliminate health disparities among different segments of the population

Focus areas of healthy people 2010

1. access to quality health services
2. arthritis, osteoporosis, and chronic back conditions
3. cancer
4. chronic kidney disease
5. diabetes
6. disability and secondary conditions
7. educational and community-based programs
8. environmental health
9. family planning
10. food safety
11. health communication
12. heart disease and stroke
13. HIV
14. immunization and infectious disease
15. injury and violence prevention
16. maternal, infant, and child health
17. medical product safety
18. mental health and mental disorders
19. nutrition and overweight
20. occupational safety and health
21. oral health
22. physical activity and fitness
23. public health infrastructure
24. respiratory diseases
25. sexually transmitted diseases
26. substance abuse
27. tobacco use
28. vision and hearing

Health promotional model

• The health promotional model proposed by pender (1982-1984) was designed to a "complimentary counterpart to models of health protection" health promotion is directed at increasing a client's level of well-being.
• The health promotional model is structurally similar to the health belief model is composed of three major components: cognitive-perceptual factors, modifying factors, and likelihood of action factors. Cognitive-perceptual factors include seven constructs that exert a direct influence on engaging in health promoting actions.

• These factors are;
  • Importance of health: the impact of valuing health as related to the performance of health-promoting behaviours.
  • Perceived control: the degree to which an individual believes she or he has personal I internal control over self health behaviour.
  • Perceived self-efficacy: the ability of the individual to implement behavioral skills to enhance health.
  • Definition of health: the achievement of optimal or higher levels of health.
  • Perceived health status: the extent to which individuals consider themselves in good (or poor) health.
  • Perceived benefits of health promoting behaviours: the frequency of or continued participation in health promoting behaviours .
  • Perceived barriers to health promoting behaviours: the influences of barriers (i.e., inconvenience, discomfort) in reducing engagement in health promoting behaviours.
• Modifying factors include several constructs that influence health-promoting behaviors indirectly through their impact on cognitive perceptual mechanisms. These include.
  • Demographic factors: characteristics such as age, sex, race, ethnicity, and education.
  • Biological characteristics: physiological factors related to engaging in health promoting activates (e.g. weight, blood pressure.)
  • Interpersonal influences: expectations and/or supports of significant others and health care professional and family patterns of health care.
  • Situational factors: environmental or situational conditions or options that enhance or hinder health-promoting alternatives (e.g. availability of vending machines with low or non-nutrient foods).
  • Behavioral factors: previous experiences with or knowledge and skills about health promotion activities.
• According to the model, participation in health promoting behavior is concerned with the likelihood of implementing health-promoting actions. This may involve internal cues, such as personal growth from repeatedly utilizing health-promoting behaviors, and external cues, including interaction with family or others regarding health promotion activities or the effects of mass media on behavioral actions (e.g. advertisements).
• While this model serves as an explanation to determine factors that influence one's engagement in health promoting activities, empirical testing of the model is needed and is in progress. The extent to which the Health Promotion Model can predict specific health promoting behaviors remains to be determined.

Nursing Roles In Health Care Promotion

• Although nurses after work persons on a one-to-one basis, they seldom work in isolation within today's health care system, nurse's work with other nurses, physicians, social workers, nutritionists, psychologists, therapists, and individuals.

1. In the role of the caregiver, the nurse is a member of a team and needs to communicate extensively with other team members as a collaborator.
2. As an advocate, the nurse is speaking and acting on behalf of a person or a group, the nurse explains and interprets the feelings and positions of the individual or family to others.
3. The nurse may be care managing, facilitating and coordinating to services for the individual to prevent duplication and to ensure that needs are met.
4. The nurse may serve as a consultant to other health care providers, persons, or agencies within the community.
   1. The nurse may also be a deliverer of services, an educator a researcher.
5. Advocate: As a advocate, the nurse strives to ensure that all persons receive quality, appropriate, and cost effective care. The nurse may spend a great deal of time identifying and co-ordination recourses for complex cases.
6. Consultant: Nurses after medicate the interactions between individuals and others because they are knowledgeable about health promotion and disease prevention. Consultative exchanges can occur with schoolteachers, legislators, or others who maintain a working relationship with the person. Some nurses have specialized areas of expertise. Example: community health, pediatric etc.
7. Deliverer of Services: the nurse also delivers services such as health education and counseling in health promotion.
8. Educator: The nurse must teach effectively regarding health components such as good nutrition, industrial and highway safety, immunization, and specific drug therapy should be within the gasp of the total population. Even with its rich resources, society falls for a short of attaining the goal of maximal health for all the problem is not a lack of knowledge, but rather the lack of application. Therefore, it is incumbent on nurses to add teaching to their roles. To teach effectively the nurse knows essential things about the learner and the learning teaching process.
9. Healer: The art of nursing is the extraordinary ability to manage a broad array of clinical, financial, and psychosocial issues analogous to the way a sculptor might use a wide array of materials - to create something meaningful, sensible, & whole.
10. Researcher: In today's health care environment, nurses are constantly striving to understand and interpret research findings that will enhance the quality and value of patient care.