RECORD OF INTENSIVE CARE UNIT

Introduction

• Every ICU keeps some kinds of records. The clinical record is a brief account of the personal and medical history of the patient, results of diagnostic test, findings of medical examination, treatment and nursing care, daily progress notes and advice on discharge.
• Documentation in the ICU is carried out for a number of reasons. It ensures continuity of care and provides up-to-date patient status. It fulfills hospital policies which furnish the legal aspects of 'duty of care'.
• The intensive care nurse has to be highly skilled today due to technological advances and complex care of the critically ill patients. Also the documentation and care required are complex and time consuming.

Principles of Record Writing

• Since the clinical record is a legal document, it is essential that they should be written clearly, accurately, appropriately and legibly.
• All entries should be signed by the individual who writes them.
• Care to be taken, not to make any errors on the records. If anything is crossed out, it should be dated and initialed.
• All records should be written with black ink or typed for better legibility.
• Records should be written in chronological order as to date and time. When recording medications and treatments, note exact time and date on which they are carried out.
• Records are written continuously with no blank spaces. If any space is left out, it should be crossed out, dated and signed.
• Lengthy corrections of records are written as amendments.
• Each page of the record should be properly identified with the name, age, I.P. No., O.P No., date etc.
• Use only standard abbreviations.
• Records should be truthful, brief and complete. It should include all the services given to the patients, the observations made on the patient from day to day and the results of treatment etc.

Types of ICU Records

Patient records

• Every ICU maintains complete patient record. This will contain the –
• Bio data of the patient,
• Diagnosis,
• Family history,
• History of the past and present illness,
• Signs and symptoms,
• Findings of medical examination & investigations,
• Treatments & medications,
• Progress notes and
• Summary made at the discharge of the patient

Nurse's note's

• Large parts of the patient's records are filled by the nurses.
• Nurse's notes are a record of treatments and nursing measures carried out by the nurses, their effects, the observations made on the patient. Avoid bulky reports containing unnecessary and irrelevant materials.
• Observation of the patient is continuous and it is impossible for the nurse to record all her observations. She should record what she thinks that might affect the diagnosis, medical treatment, nursing care and rehabilitation. Observation should be as specific and objective as possible.

Doctor's order sheet

• The doctor's orders (prescriptions) regarding the medication investigations, diet etc., may be written on separate sheets.

Graphic charts of T.P.R.

• On this the temperature, pulse and respirations are written in a graphic form so that a slight deviation from the normal can be noted at a glance.
• Other Information such as blood pressure, number of bowel movements, the body weight, name and date of operation, removal of sutures etc., may be recorded on this chart according to the hospital customs.

Intake and output chart.

• Patients on intravenous fluids or on the fluid diet, critically ill patients, post-operative patients, patients with oedema, patients having vomiting and diarrhoea, patients getting diuretics etc., should have their intake and output maintained.

Registers

• To maintain the statistics, every ICU maintain certain reg¬isters such as registers for the register for the admis¬sions and discharges,registers for operations, census register, register for the biopsy etc. It is the nurse's responsibility to maintain these registers up to date.

Others

• Reports of laboratory examinations- such as ECG collection, biochemistry, hematology
• Diet sheets
• Consent form for operations and anesthesia
• Reports of anesthesia, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, and other special treatments.
• Others used occasionally are:
• peritoneal dialysis chart
• Swan Ganz chart
• lung function chart

Value of Records

• Record provides an accurate and detailed account of treat¬ments and care given to the patient. Therefore it serves as a guide for follow up of the course of disease and future care.
• The record provides accurate information of the results of medication and treatments given to the patient. So, through the records the physician gets accurate information about the patient's conditions from day to day.
• Records are of great value in the diagnosis, treatments and nursing care.
• A record of illnes sand treatment saves duplication of work in the future care especially when the patient is transferred from one department to another or from one institution to another or when an attending physician is transferred and other person takes charge. In such situations it helps the patient to get prompt treatment.
• A well written record has a legal value. The records safeguard the patients, nurses, doctors and the hospital. It serves as evidence that the patient care is intelligently managed.
• Records are tools of communication among the members of the health team. It is of great value for the doctors and nurses at the shifting of duty hours.
• Records help the medical and nursing students in their clinical experience and provide data for care studies.
• Records serve as a reference material for research work.
• The patient's record, registers and reports furnish the vital statistics and give information needed to evaluate the services rendered by the hospital to the community.
• Data taken from the patient's record points out the health problems of the country and it also provides a base line In which local, state, national and international health services are planned.

Care of Records

• The records are kept under the safe custody of the nurse in each ward or department.
• No individual sheet is separated from the complete record.
• Records are kept in a place, not accessible to the patients and visitors.
• No stranger is ever permitted to read the records.
• Records are not handed over to the legal advisors without the written permission of the administration.
• All hospital personnel are legally and ethically obligated to keep in confidence all the information's provided in the records.
• All records are to be handled carefully. Careless handling can destroy the records.
• All records are filed according to the hospital custom, so that they can be traced easily. Records could be arranged :
  • Alphabetically.
  • Numerically.
  • With index cards.
  • Geographically.
• All records are identified with the bio data of the patients such as name, age, ward, bed no., O.P. no., I.P. no., diagnosis etc.
• Records are never sent out of the hospital without the doctor's permission. Reference is made by writing separate sheets and sending to the agency who requests for them e.g., reference letters, discharge summaries.

NURSING PROTOCOLS FOR ICU

The following are some general Nursing Protocol for Critical Care for nursing care of the intensive care patients.

1.                  No critical care patient will be left without a nurse in attendance.

ü Critically ill patients may have life-threatening changes in their condition; remove an invasive line or self-extubate quickly.

2.                  Each nurse will be responsible for the entire care of his/her patient, and acts to coordinate care with other health team professionals.

ü The caregiver, by assuming full responsibility for monitoring the patient's condition and care, can detect changes promptly.

3.                  Breaks will be arranged according to unit need/safe coverage by mutual agreement between each nurse and his/her coworkers. The nurse must give a full report to another staff nurse prior to leaving for a break. The second nurse assumes responsibility for the patient and interacts with family/other health team members in the principle nurse's absence.

ü When many people are involved in the care, a principle caregiver reduces the assumption that someone else did or did not complete a task, and helps to maximize resources.

4.                  The staff nurse will report any changes in his/her patient's condition directly to the physician. The charge nurse may be utilized to report the information, e.g., on nights. The nurse will ensure a physician is aware of all lab reports. The staff nurse will keep the charge nurse informed of changes in the patient's condition. The charge nurse will be notified if the staff nurse needs any direction regarding procedure, policy or physician interaction.

ü The staff nurse is the one person who has current and detailed information on the patient's condition.

5.                  All critical care patients will have continual ECG monitoring.

ü A critically ill patient requires intensive monitoring

6.                  Alarms must be left on the ECG and arterial lines at all times. Appropriate limits will be selected at the nurse’s discretion according to institutional policy.

ü To ensure rapid detection of heart rate or BP changes. To reduce risk associated with leaving alarm disabled.

7.                  An ECG strip will be obtained and analyzed according to institutional policy. Generally, this is every four hours and as needed for patients with a cardiac disorder. The ECG strips are analyzed, rhythm identified and taped to the back of the flow sheet. Changes are reported to the physician.

ü Heart rate and rhythm are keys to determining the hemodynamic stability of an intensive care patient.

8.                  For a stable, non-acute patient without invasive monitoring equipment, vital signs will be done at the staff nurse's discretion, at least every hour.

ü To ensure regular vital sign monitoring

9.                  Temperatures will be measured on all patients at least q4h by other than axilla route. Patients having abnormal temperatures (< 36 or >37.5 C) will have temperature measured by a core method (rectally, tympanic, pulmonary artery, esophageal).

ü Temperature changes may indicate infection or other disease states. Core represents a much more accurate value.

10.              All patients admitted for neurological problems will have hourly neurological assessments performed. All patients will have a neurological assessment evaluated and recorded on the flow sheet at least once per shift, using the Glasgow Coma Scale.

ü To quickly reference previous, function if deterioration occurs. This will provide a clear understanding of the patient's neurological status and avoid uncertainty over assessments at shift change. Unconscious patients will have neurological assessments done q.1-4h. At the nurse's discretion.

11.              The turning of all critically ill patients every two hours around the clock is done unless contraindicated, with skin assessment recorded as part of the every four-hour assessment. If turning is contraindicated, pressure points will be relieved q2h. If pressure relieve is not possible, rationale will be documented.

ü This is to relieve pressure points and allow for skin perfusion as well as provide reference for comparison of skin care.

12.              All intensive care patients will have chest PT q4h and PRN unless contraindicated. The frequency will be recorded on the flow sheet documented in progress note.

ü Immobility increases the risk for the retention of secretions and reduced ventilation.

13.              All critical care patients will have range of motion exercises q4h unless contraindicated (i.e. neuromuscular blockers). This will be recorded on the flow sheet treatment section and in clinical record.

ü To reduce possible contracture formation, disuse atrophy, "frozen joints", and to promote venous return.

14.              Perineal care will be done every shift and as needed PRN for all patients.

ü To promote hygiene and comfort.

15.              All Critical Care patients will have mouth care done every four hours with inspection for oral skin sores. Teeth will be brushed every shift and as needed.

ü Intubation increases risk for developing mouth ulcers and/or infections.

16.              The Critical Care nurse may restrain patients at his/her discretion. Provided documentation done according to hospital policies and procedures.

ü To ensure life-supporting tubes or lines are not disconnected.

17.              All restraints will be secured to allow rapid lowering of bedside.

ü For rapid access in a crisis.

18.              Any patient who expires, that falls into the classification of a coroner's case, or who is going to have a autopsy must have all lines/airways/tubes left in place unless the coroner confirms that they may be removed.

ü Correct tube placement is occasionally evaluated at post mortem.

19.              All routine dressing changes, I.V. tubing changes and catheter changes will be done on night shift. The Flow sheet will be updated with the new date change, and the procedure documented in the clinical record.

ü To maintain consistency among all nurses.

20.              Routine daily baths will be done on night shift. This will include total skin care, fingernails and hair washing q. weekly and prn dressing changes.

ü The night shift is quieter and less hectic

21.              All dressings unless otherwise indicated will be changed daily.

ü To remove bacterial contaminates and replace with an aseptic dressing

22.              Nursing care will be spaced out to allow periods of rest.

ü Sensory overload predisposes the patient to disorientation.

23.              All patients who have not had a bowel movement will be checked for impaction q.3. Days and the flow sheet updated.

ü To monitor bowel function

24.              Procedures will be explained to patients; person, place and time being repeatedly stated to the patient. Sensory stimulation, ie., radios, tape recorders, will be provided for patients as indicated during the day.

ü It is not known how much an unconscious patient can hear or comprehend. Sensory deprivation leads to disorientation. Anxiety decreases with an awareness of one's surroundings. Maintain a normal sleep/wake pattern.

25.              Information and emotional support needs for the family and patient will be provided by the nurse/physician/social work/pastoral care/palliative care, as required.

ü The critical nature of the patient's illness places tremendous strain on the patient and family unit.

26.              The environment will be maintained in a mechanically safe condition through: dry floors, good repair of furniture, proper placement of machines and equipment, cleanliness, freedom from clutter, and good repair of equipment.

ü To reduce risks to patients, visitors, or staff.

27.              Isolation technique will be followed as per infection control manual.

ü To minimize cross infection to patients, visitors, and staff.

28.              Safety signs, such as, “isolation", "can hear", or "neuromuscular blocking agent in use" will be posted when indicated.

ü To communicate important information

29.              Sharps and glass will be disposed of into point of use sharps containers.

ü To protect health care workers from injury/contamination.

30.              Any containers of body fluids (i.e. suction canisters or chest drainage sets) must be disposed in the appreciate biohazard bag or box.

ü To reduce risk of contamination to health care workers during handling.

31.              All electrical equipment will: be grounded, have 3-prong plugs, be used away from water or wet floors, be protected from spillage of liquids, be inspected by Biomedical Department. Any equipment that malfunctions or appears damaged will be reported to Biomedical Dept.

ü Particularly with patients having access catheters into the heart, electrical shocks could pose serious risk for harm.

32.              Labels will be affixed to: all bedside medications, intravenous bags and bottles, all wound or bladder irrigations, multidose vials, multiple drainage bags/bottles, hemodynamic transducers and monitors (identifying waves and pressures).

ü To reduce risk for errors.

33.              All medications will be reviewed by the Critical Care physicians (upon admission to Unit.) and either reordered or stopped. Nursing staff will ensure this has been done prior to carrying out any medication, treatment or investigative orders. Each treatment/medication must be listed when reordered (e.g., "Renew all preoperative meds" is NOT acceptable.)

ü To ensure optimal management.

34.              Respiratory orders may only be carried out when written by the patient’s physician. Ventilatory changes will only be done upon receipt of written order.

ü To maintain optimal and consistent respiratory management

35.              All orders written other than by the Critical Care physicians will be brought to the attention of the Critical Care physician by the nurse prior to being carried out.

ü To ensure all therapy is consistent with goals for the patient's management

36.              Narcotics MAY NOT be kept at the bedside. If use is not immediate after withdrawal from the narcotic cabinet, wastage as per narcotic protocol will be carried out.

ü To maintain narcotic control.

37.              Visiting is negotiated between the nurse and family, with consideration given to unit activity and institutional policy. All exceptions should be reported nurse to nurse.

ü It is important to communicate information to oncoming nurse to avoid discrepancies.

38.              The number of visitors will be limited to 2 at a time; however, the nurse may use discretion based on patient condition and room activity.

ü To promote privacy for other patients in the bay and to accommodate space limitations.

39.              The nurse/physician will notify families of significant deteriorations in the patient's condition.

ü The family has the right to determine when they wish to attend their family member.

40.              Support will be given to family’s that would like children to visit. Special preparation of the children MUST BE done.

ü Research has shown that allowing children to participate in the grieving process can have a positive impact on subsequent adjustment to family tragedy. Improper preparation can have a negative and lasting impact.

41.              A visitor’s handout will be given to one member of each patient's family. Indicate on Nursing Note the date and family member who received the booklet.

ü To reduce the anxiety associated with visiting in the critical care unit. To provide information regarding resources available to families.

42.              All patients in Critical Care Unit will be weighed daily and on admission and recorded on the flow sheet. Per week. For new hospital admission, record weight on nursing admission database also.

ü To accurately measure Body Surface Area, for calculating hemodynamic indexed values, to identify drug dosages, to assess nutritional requirements, to assess adequacy of nutritional status, and to evaluate fluid balance.

43.              All patients in the critical care unit will have a minimum IV access of two Heparin Locks.

ü To ensure rapid resuscitation with IV drugs or fluid if needed. Critical care patients are at sufficient risk to warrant access. When a patient's illness has become chronic but stable, they may not have an immediate need for an IV, and staff may be unable to secure a peripheral site. If despite reasonable attempts by a skilled individual a peripheral IV cannot be secured, the risk associated with a central line insertion may be deemed greater than the benefit of having an IV access. Appropriate documentation must be included in the clinical record to justify this decision.

44.              All change of shift reports will include a review of all physician orders, lab results, medication administration record, and joint review of neuron status.

ü To ensure communication between shifts and reduce potential for medication or treatment errors. Neuro status is jointly reviewed to ensure that both incoming and outgoing shifts are clear on interpretation of findings to be able to promptly detect a change in patient condition.

45.              All staff working at a bedside where an acute trauma or actively bleeding patient is being managed will wear protective goggles, masks and gloves. Protective gear is also required anytime risk of splash from body fluids exists e.g. suctioning.

ü Current literature shows that it is during periods of acute crisis when health care workers are at the highest risk for disease transmission. This has also been shown to be the time when health care workers are least compliant with universal precautions. Masks, goggles and gloves in high risk situations are a requirement as per Hospital Universal Precautions Policies.

 

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